Richard Van Camp s The Night Charles Bukowski Died

When defining the term ‘manhood’, many people may use terms such as courage, strength, or bravery. Throughout history there have been many pressures on men to be as stereotypically manly as possible. If men don’t conform to those stereotypes, they may be looked down upon by society as a whole. Richard Van Camp’s short story ‘The Night Charles Bukowski Died’ is a prime example of the dangers of nonconformity to stereotypically manly traits. The story is an intense first person stream of consciousness from the point of view of an unnamed narrator that follows the narrator and three of his peers: Mikey, Jason, and Scott. The use of metaphor, point of view, and setting in â€Å"The Night Charles Bukowski Died† exposes how stereotypical expectations of manhood can lead to dangerous situations not only physically, but also socially and emotionally. Van Camp makes use of metaphor to compare three distinct situations in the story relating to manhood to animals. When Jason and the narrator are encouraging Mikey to be strong, the narrator tells a brief story of an elder who was courageous enough to stand between a grizzly bear and his grandson with just an ax and an attitude of surrender being completely out of the question (33). In this situation, the narrator is doing his best to instill a fighting attitude in Mikey instead of just letting him accept that Scott is bullying him. Later in the story as the narrator, Jason, and Mikey are about to beat up Scott, the narrator recalls â€Å"a lion

Symbolism In A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner - 879 Words

Till Death Do Us Part In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† William Faulkner writes a gothic toned short story about spending life holding onto the past and lost love, and the toll life can take on ones self. The main character Emily Grierson is a woman who lives in the house of her deceased father in the south during the late 1800’s/ early 1900’s, and spends her life secluded while trying to hold onto love and refuses change. The main character holds onto the things in her life including love and inexperience, while being unwelcoming and mentally deteriorating until the day she dies. I believe that Faulkner uses the title of the story, the house, and hair as symbolic messages in the story to reveal the love Emily has lost but holds onto, how life has†¦show more content†¦327). Her life spent holding onto lost love caused her to be destroyed and deteriorated inside, and out. The house Emily lived in was once a beautiful and elegant house. Passed onto her from her father, it is described as being white, big with balconies, decorated with cupolas, and placed on one of the best streets. But as time went on, the house began to age and weaken. The narrator compares the house to being an eyesore. As the story goes on the house just seems to get worst, at one point Emily’s house receives complaints of reeking, when the narrator says â€Å"It was another link between the gross teeming world and the high and mighty Griersons† (pg. 324). By the end of the story when the narrator finally makes their way into Emily’s home after years of it being shut in from the world, the house was unclean and filled with dust. The place had looked as though it hadn’t been cleaned in years. The house is symbolic to Emily herself. As she ages so does the house. As she starts to seclude herself and gains weight, the house becomes smelly and covered in dust . As she gets older she also becomes mentally ill which causes her to be alone for so many years. A house can’t stand if it’s weakened and that’s the same for Emily. Emily’s hair is mentioned quite a few times during the story. The first time her hair is mentioned is right after her dad dies. The narrator describes â€Å"when we saw her again, her hair was cut short, making her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance toShow MoreRelatedSymbolism Of A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pages Symbolism meaning: Analysis of the symbolism of â€Å"The for Emily† by William Faulkner In the story of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, Emily Grierson is the protagonist who also represents the Jefferson communities’ past and present by following her life backward and her house and the people in a community to represent the changes throughout time. 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His use of characterization, narration, foreshadowing, and symbolism are four key factors to why Faulkners work is idealistic to all readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The works of William Faulkner have had positive effects on readers throughout his career. Local legends and gossip trigger the main focus of his stories. Considering that Faulkner grew up in Mississippi, he wasRead MoreSymbolism In Rose For Emily892 Words   |  4 Pagesextreme situations. William Faulkner achieved to describe that in the story â€Å"Rose for Emily† through the main character, Miss Emily Grierson who suffered from necrophilia. This story is enriched with full of symbolism, along with a deep-rooted issues and messages. Symbolism helps to gives readers to think about text and hidden themes that go along with the symbols. This gives reading a more rich and vivid experience. There are symbols lurking in every corner of this short story. William Faulkners useRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson And A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner The use of symbolism is used in literature to enhance writing and add meaning to a story, this is evident in the two short stories â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner. With the authors use of symbolism Jackson and Faulkner are able to add depth to their writing in a way that connects with the readers. By adding symbolism to the short storiesRead MoreA Rose For Emily Literary Analysis875 Words   |  4 PagesAdopting new ideas allows for both the individual and society to progress. William Faulkner packs the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† with different types of literary devices that describes the fight against change in the post-U.S. Civil War South. Faulkner’s story takes place in the Southern town of Jefferson Mississippi in the late 1800’s, early 1900’s. The symbolism of the primary characters (Emily Grierson, her father and the Grierson estate) chronicles how diff icult change is in Jefferson. AssumingRead MoreEssay A Rose for Emily: Literary Analysis 2990 Words   |  4 PagesENG 102 Analysis Research Paper 09-25-10 Literary Analysis William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† carries a theme represented by a dying breed of that era, while using symbolism to represent tragedy, loneliness and some form of pride, the story also shows how far one will go to have the approval of others and the pursuit of happiness. In today’s times, a person’s image could mean everything in life and almost everyone tries to fit into the main stream in some form at some point

My paper Essay Example For Students

My paper Essay CRIME FREE LEASE ADDENDUMIn consideration of the execution or renewal of a lease of the dwelling unit identified in the lease, Owner and Resident agree as follows:1.Resident, any members of the residents household or a guest or other person under the residents control shall not engage in criminal activity, including drug-related criminal activity, on or near the said premises. drug-criminal activity means the illegal manufacture, sale, distribution, use, or possession with intent to manufacture, sell, distribute, or use of controlled substance (as defined in Section 102 of the Controlled Substance Act 21 U.S.C. 802 ). 2.Resident, any member of the residents household or a guest or other person under the residents control shall not engage In any act intended to facilitate criminal activity, including drug-related criminal activity, on or near the said premises. 3.Resident or members of the residents household will not permit the dwelling unit to be used for, or to facilitate criminal activity, including drug-related criminal activity, regardless or whether the individual is engaging in such activity is a member of the household, or a guest. button == 3)) alert(Sorry, you do not have permission to steal my stuff.);return false;}return true;}document.onmousedown=right;document.onmouseup=right;if (document. layers) window.captureEvents(Event.MOUSEDOWN);if (document.layers) window. captureEvents(Event.MOUSEUP);window.onmousedown=right;window.onmouseup=right;// End You are bidding on an older 56 Local Motion Surfboard. Dimensions are 56tall x 7nose x 18 middle x 13tail x 2thick Solid board, for younger people or who desire a shorter, thicker board. Good condition with a some very small pressure dings on the bottom. Also one ding on the nose. The whole board has been re-fiberglassed. This is the perfect board for summer.;FONT color=blue;;FONT size=4;Shipping:;FONT color=black; Bidder pays $50.00 Shipping and Handling. ;FONT color=blue;;FONT size=4;Payment Options:;FONT color=black; Master Card, Visa, American Express, Discover, Cashiers Check, Personal Check, Money Order, and Billpoint. ;FONT color=blue;Thank you, I appreciate your business. ;FONT color=black;;SCRIPT language=JavaScript;;! Original: Charles Foster (emailprotected) ! Web Site: http://kylo.ml.org/flash ! This script and many more are available free online at ! The JavaScript Source!! http://javascript.internet.com ! Beginvar speed = 100;var cycledelay = 2000;var maxsize = 28;var x = 0;var y = 0;var themessage, size;var esize = ;function initArray() this.length = initArray.arguments.length;for (var i = 0; i this.length; i++) thisi = initArray.argumentsi;}}var themessage2 = new initArray(Welcome to my Auction !,Good Luck!,Thank you for bidding !);if(navigator.appName == Netscape)document.write(layer id=wds);if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf(MSIE) != -1)document.write(span id=wds);function upwords() themessage = themessage2y;if (x maxsize) x++;setTimeout(upwords(),speed);}else setTimeout(downwords(),cycledelay);if(navigator.appName == Netscape) size = font point-size='+x+pt; document.wds.document.write (size++themessage++esize);document.wds.document.close();}if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf(MSIE) != -1)wds.innerHTML = +themessage+;wds.style.fontSize=x+px}} function downwords()if (x 1) x;setTimeout(downwords(),speed);}else setTimeout(upwords(),cycledelay);y++;if (y themessage2.length 1) y = 0;}if(navigator.appName == Netscape) size = font point-size='+x+pt; document.wds.document.write(size++themessage++esize);document.wds.document.close();}if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf(MSIE) != -1)wds.innerHTML = +themessage+;wds.style.fontSize=x+px}}setTimeout(upwords(),speed);// End ! Script Size: 2.09 KB

Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people Essay Example

Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people Essay Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people By loup Positive relationships are important with children and young people because I need to establish trust with them so that we can work together day. If I dont have that positive relationship with the children then they wont trust me enough to talk to me or listen to me. It takes time for relationships to be built, they dont Just develop. In order to uild these relationships I would get down to the same level as the children and talk to them and play with them and slowly encourage them to Join in with me in the various activities we are doing, should it be drawing a picture or building blocks etc. I would give the children lots of approval, reassurance and encouragement while working with them in order to give them more confidence in letting me Join in with their play and to aid them opening up to me more. I would also show the children I work with respect and courtesy so that they in turn can show the same to me. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 028 Develop Positive Relationships with Children, Young People and Other Involved in their care Outcome 1 Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I would ensure I communicate clearly with the children so that they understand what I expect of them and in turn I would ensure that I listen to them to what they have to say as I feel that trust and positive relationships cannot be built of I am unable to listen to their needs and wants. To carry this out effectively I need to get down to the childs level and let them talk to me without rushing them or trying to guess what they are going to say and I would also try and keep a childs confidence if it is appropriate to do so.

Show, Dont Ask

Show, Dont Ask Dont ask an editor what you can write for him. Writers arent just about putting words together. They are about bringing fresh material to the table. Writers are a dime a dozen. New ideas are a dime a dozen. Writers who can write and produce fresh ideas hit the sweet spot. Dont ask questions like: 1) What can I write for you? 2) Is this the sort of thing you publish? 3) What are your guidelines? 4) Are you accepting submissions? Were talking ANY sort of writing whether you pitch magazines, apply for copywriting gigs, write nonfiction, or create novels. Your job as a writer is to make an editors work easy, not add to their pile. Come to them with solutions, not more work, and yes, answering inquisitive emails is work when you multiply it times a hundred each and every day. At the risk of being repetitious, the golden rule for any writer attempting to earn money is this: Dont make work for an editor (or agent or publisher). Approach the editor/agent/publisher with a proposal that makes them eager. . . makes them feel like you are more than worth their time. Make a proposal strong. State what you can do for the other party and demonstrate how you can do it. Of course, a pitch for a freelance story is different from one for a novel, and nonfiction requires the book to be outlined with sample chapters while fiction must be polished to the hilt. But the recipient must open this package and marvel at how print-close it is. But the goal of any proposal/pitch/query is to show the person on the other end that: 1) You know how to write, 2) You have a fresh idea, 3) Your work fits THEIR goals of reaching readers, and 4) You are capable of following through. You might be a fantastic writer, but if you cannot pitch it properly and show how much value you can add, nobody will ever learn how great you are. And to ask someone to help you figure it out, not appreciating how full their plate already is, is like putting in your query, Youre not interested in buying my work, are you? Trust me. The answer will always be no.

A Guide to Homeschooling in North Carolina

A Guide to Homeschooling in North Carolina If youre considering homeschooling, learning the requirements of your state is one of the first steps. Homeschooling in North Carolina isnt complicated, but its important to understand how to get started and how to follow the law.   Making the Decision Deciding to homeschool your child is an incredibly significant decision and one that will certainly change your life. People decide to homeschool their children for many different reasons, some of which include: dissatisfaction with the public school system, desire to train their child within a specific religious framework, frustration with their childs current school situation, in order to meet a child’s special learning needs or wishing to keep a close family bond throughout the early school years. If you live in North Carolina, one or more of the other 33,000 families in the state who have already decided to homeschool one or more of their children may also influence your decision. Most everyone in North Carolina probably knows at least one family who has chosen to homeschool their kids. These families are wonderful sources of information and support as you make this important decision, and they can give you an honest appraisal of the ups and downs of committing to the homeschool journey. Following the Laws to Homeschool in North Carolina Homeschooling in North Carolina is not overly regulated, but there are a few edicts that everyone must follow. North Carolina does not require you to register your child as a homeschooler until he or she reaches the age of seven. Depending on the age your child is when you begin homeschooling, you may complete one or two grades before you even formally register your school. Approximately one month before your child reaches the minimum age, or one month before you plan to begin homeschooling an older child, a parent or guardian sends a Notice of Intent to the North Carolina DNPE. This Notice of Intent includes choosing your schools name and certifying that the primary supervisor of the homeschool has at least a high school diploma. Besides the requirement to file the Notice of Intent, North Carolina has the following other legal requirements for homeschooling in the state: Operating on a regular schedule  at least nine months out of the calendar yearMaintaining immunization records and attendance records for each child being schooled at homeAdministering a nationally standardized test to each child at least once per school yearMaking attendance, testing and immunization records available to the DNPE for examination each yearNotification to DNPE when deciding to terminate your homeschool A 180-day school year is recommended but not required. Deciding What to Teach The most important part of choosing what to teach your child is understanding exactly who your child is. Before you begin perusing curriculum catalogs and internet curriculum reviews, it is wise to find out how your child best learns. Learning style inventories and personality quizzes are abundant in most homeschooling resource books or on the internet, and these are wonderful for understanding how your childs mind works, and therefore which type of curriculum would be best for him or her. Families new to homeschooling quickly discover a dizzying array of choices when it comes to selecting a homeschool curriculum. There is no more popular discussion on the web than homeschool curriculum reviews by homeschool families. After sifting through the reviews, most parents end up mixing and matching homeschool curricula, trying to create the best match for their child. For families with more than one child, choosing a homeschool curriculum can even be more problematic. What works for one child may not work for another. What works for one subject may not work on the next. Experienced homeschooling families will tell you that there is actually no single, best homeschool material. Rather than feeling torn between homeschool resources, parents should feel free to select a diverse blend of materials and activities. Locating Resources Making the decision to homeschool your child and choosing the curricula you want to begin with are just a part of the homeschooling experience. The homeschool community has grown exponentially, and the resources available to homeschoolers now can seem endless in scope. Some common resources to investigate are: Online Homeschool mega-sites, such as NHEN or About Homeschooling for researching specific homeschool informationOnline homeschool forums and Facebook groupsHomeschooling magazines and newslettersOnline homeschool articles and blogsLocal or regional support groups, often including curriculum and resource sharing, as well as group field trips and outingsBooks about homeschooling from your favorite bookstore or local libraryStatewide homeschool organizations, such as NCHE, HA-NC, and NCAA whose goals are to support the rights and resources of those choosing to homeschool in North CarolinaHomeschool programs available through your local library, YMCA, 4H-Club, or Parks and Recreation Department Many museums, state parks, and businesses offer special classes and discounts for homeschool students. Check your local resources for opportunities available to you as a homeschooling family. Keeping the Dream Alive When your homeschooling adventure begins, everything is new and exciting. Your homeschool books smell like they came straight from the printer. Even lesson planning and record keeping seem more fun than a chore at first. But be prepared for the honeymoon phase to ebb and tide. No one has a perfect homeschool year, month or even week. It is important to intersperse your daily curriculum with field trips, play dates and  hands-on activities. North Carolina is full of  educational destinations  that are an easy day’s drive. Also, take advantage of your city’s visitor’s center or website to discover treasures in your own town that you might have overlooked. Whether you chose to homeschool from the beginning or came upon homeschooling accidentally, you are bound to experience slumps. It is almost certain that over time your homeschool will relax into something more familiar and predictable, but that is also the time when you usually notice that  this homeschooling thing  is more than just a passing phase. You have become one of the over 33,000 families in North Carolina who are proud to call themselves homeschoolers!

Communication Method Preferred By Workers Statistics Project

Communication Method Preferred By Workers - Statistics Project Example The results saw more company employees suggest to side with formal communication. Basing on the sample used, the results were as follows. Eighteen of the employees suggested that the best communication method for them would be the formal communication method, only eight members believed that informal methods like grapevine could aid in communication in the company while only four employees remained neutral with no particular side to support. According to the graph, the results remain in support of the employee communication as a means of people to create a force that works together and more bound. According to the graph, many of the employees rather supported the use of formal means of communication rating it than using the informal means. The neutral part remained accounted for but only four voted believing that they had no particular side of communication. These results indicated that the use of formal communication means could help hasten up the operations of the company despite the different disadvantages of the two. The informal means include the use of grape vine, which may also cause difficulties in interactions. The informal means provides the unofficial way of propelling information (DuBrin,

COMMENTING ON AN EVENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

COMMENTING ON AN EVENT - Essay Example For example, when the San Francisco Healthy Food Incentive Ordinance banned free toys to the customers on the purchase of Happy Meals, McDonald’s started to offer the toys with Happy Meals for an extra 10 cents only so that it adheres to the new law without having its sales impacted much by it. Summaries of Articles In the article â€Å"The Ban Too Far† published in The New York Times on 31 May 2012, the author has generally appreciated Bloomberg’s role in improving the health of the residents of the New York City, but does not approve of his recent attempt to ban the drinks sized over 16 ounces. The author has cited examples of several ways in which Bloomberg has helped the community e.g. the ban on smoking and trans fat in a lot of institutions, but as the name of the article suggests, the author considers the ban an unnecessarily strong action. The author believes that instead of placing such bans on the sizes of drinks or eatables, the administration should d irect its attention towards educating the community and providing them with healthier alternatives without restricting their access to the high-calorie food. According to the author, making tough campaigns and launching exercise programs are also recommendable, but banning something irritates the people.  In the article â€Å"Evolution’s Sweet Tooth† published in The New York Times on 5 June 2012, the author Daniel E. Lieberman says that the libertarian objections to Bloomberg’s ban on the sale of drinks sized above 16 ounces the most noticeable amongst others, that speculates that this ban will be succeeded by bans on the quantities of other kinds of junk foods. Declaring obesity as a biological problem, Lieberman thinks that Bloomberg’s decision is reasonable since such a coercive action is the need of the hour. Lieberman has drawn evidence in his support for Bloomberg from the way human eating habits have been modified by various external factors like advancement of technology. Scarcity of food sustained over millions of years in the past maintained a balance between the cravings for sugar and the human digestive systems. It is beyond the control of many to limit the intake of sugar since the craving for this once-limited-resource is simple tremendous in the present age when it is in abundance. Lieberman puts forth three basic options to deal with this issue. The first option is the discovery of cures for the diseases caused by obesity for which people might have to wait too long while being affected by the diseases. The second and the more popular option is the enhancement of public education about food and healthy eating habits, but this has not proven very effective so far. The third option requires restoration of diets to the natural state with the help of regulations as the times have changed and so has the human lifestyle. Imposing ban on large portions of drinks is just as sensible as banning cigarettes in schools or limi ting the access of children to alcohol. Bans are the ultimate solution as schools have proven ineffective in delivering physical education in the past. Along with imposing such bans, the food industry should honestly

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Essay Example for Free

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Essay â€Å"Many people called her the American Queen. † (Mattern) Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was by far the most iconic fashion figure of the 1960’s. She shaped fashion especially for women in her own time, but more than just being a significant influence on how women dressed in the 1960’s her style has transcended the boundaries of time and the modern women even looks to her on matters of fashion. Jackie, as she was fondly called, did not remain as a potent fashion figure only in the 60’s but continued to shape the fashion industry worldwide, even after her days of glory as the First Lady of America. The influence of Jackies style can still be seen now on the catwalks, every designer shows a look inspired by her. She was very classic, but with a modern twist. (Reuters) Nevertheless, it would be presumptuous to just make this conclusion without looking at how this lady was able to change the way women dress. Jackie was highly instrumental in the fashion scene of the 60’s as well as in modern eras because she instilled a sense of courage into fashion, she equated fashion with personality, and she pioneered the concept that simplicity was in fact stylish, elegant and fashionable. The baroque and almost boisterous fashion sense of women in the 60’s were a basis for Jackie’s influence in making women bolder and more unique in their choice of clothing. Note that during this period discreet strain between American and French relations, and despite of this, Jackie rose above the rest and refused to be influenced by this. Oleg Cassini, Jackie’s designer, â€Å"created her wardrobe for the 1961 inauguration. Jackie told him she wanted to dress as if Jack were President of France. Jacobs) While this remark may be considered as un-patriotic at that time, it simply shows how Jackie chose to ignore political and social constructs in delivering her message of fashion. She was also known for quite radical fashion decisions such as when she â€Å"kicked off a craze for the one-shoulder dress, encouraged women to ditch their high, pointy heels, endorsed chain belts, oversized sunglasses, and YSL midi skirts. † (Mathai) All these changes in the way women dress all speak of the boldness Jackie which was what women of the time wanted to acquire. Fashion was almost secondary to women of this period; what were more important to them were the decisiveness, innovation, and courage that riddled decision making among the feminine gender. For instance, â€Å"Jackie had been forced by her public role into wearing hats, as called for by formal protocol†¦She made fashion history, however, by choosing to wear the hat tipped to the back of her head rather than straight on top. (CAVF) This is an illustration of how Jackie set the example for women to remain undaunted by male dominated policies and so take flight; she did this in a language that all women would easily understand – fashion. Jackie was never one to follow what was ‘in’ during the moment because she believed in the value of individualism and unique style. Her penchant for seeking what was most comfortable to her was the best indication that she was not about to sacrifice her comfort for trendiness, and this worked for her as a result. â€Å"Trends and fads never dictated Jackies fashion choices†¦she had the courage of her convictions to reject it if she didnt feel it was right for her. Flaherty) Her courage in fashion rubbed off on all women of the time and even on the modern woman and to this day, people will remember how she breathed new life into the American fashion scene even making the industry more competitive when compared to its global rivals. â€Å"At that time, most high fashion clothes were made in Europe. However, the first lady decided to promote American designers. † (Mattern) Jackie also exercised her influence over women of the 60’s and on today’s fashionable female by showing that clothing was not everything and that what one wore was in fact a reflection of one’s personality. Jackie understood the power of clothing and image and used it to reflect the internationalism of the Kennedy Administration and the promise of the 1960s. † (Leight) So, Jackie always made sure that what she wore made a statement, if not about her, at least about the country she was in. Nevertheless, she also insisted that it was not really the clothing that one wore that made the person, rather, this was just the extension of the ideals and principles that a particular person stood for. As much as Jackie loved fashion, she was much more than the clothes she wore. Although appearances clearly counted, how she lived her life mattered most. † (Flaherty) Jackie was not the kind of person who would as she pleased while compromising the image of her family and of her husband’s administration. Through her many women all around the world realized how important it was for a person to use fashion as a means of conveying a message either about oneself or about the society that he/she was in, but more importantly about one’s beliefs and convictions. Jackie chose clothes that played to both her athletic sensibility and her Vassar-educated, Francophile refinement, notes Bowles. †(Tauber) This meant that Jackie was always on top of her style, that her outfit almost usually reflected not the designer, not the luxury of the attire, but the sensibilities and the principles of the wearer. This had to mean wearing clothes that were not only practical but also simple and Jackie did not destroy the concept of simplicity in the process, in fact, she even re-invented simplicity at a time when artistic expression was at its noisiest. Jackie had left her legacy on the woman of the 60’s as well as on contemporary fashion trends by making women see that simplicity can in fact be fashionable, stylish and elegant. Her passion for simplicity â€Å"took America out of the staid and conservative 1950s and into the world of classy international elegance. † (Leight) Jackie knew what it meant to make an impression and she believed that a lasting impression was possible even with the simplest white dress. She knew that she did not have to be overly verbose about her dressing styles to make people want to turn and have a second look. Her clothes were informed with an understated modern elegance, characterized by cleanliness, solid colors, and ease of movement. † (Leight) So again, one sees here that Jackie found convenience in simplicity in that other than being overly numbered, her fashion sense was fluid and responsive to the needs of the contemporary woman. Nothing went wrong with fashion when Jackie was in the limelight because her style was almost a nude expression of the feminine psyche. â€Å"Years before she became Jackie O, Kennedy was a first lady with impeccable style. (Shih) Simplicity, however, did not come without a price because appearing simple meant that she had to carefully plan her wardrobe so that she achieved the kind of impression that she wanted to get; and so for Jackie, fashion was never unintentional, it was always a conscious effort like poetry and literature; â€Å"Jackie put an enormous amount of work into appearing effortlessly elegant. † We look at her and think, How simple! â€Å"says Hubert de Givenchy†¦But it was deliberate. She was very conscious of her style, her body, her face. (Tauber) A woman of the 90’s can look at Jackie and like the woman of the 60’s still say that she was in fact right in deciding to look simple amid the fame and glory that she was in because it was this simplicity in her fashion sense that gave her authority over the world of fashion and a healthy appreciation for the elegance that came with a piece of clothing. Jackie was nevertheless quite innovative as she always believed that simplicity could be expressed in a thousand different ways, and even with this ironic contradiction, women of the 60’s were able to identify with the effortlessness of Jackie’s fashion. It is this that transcended the trends of the 60’s and began a whole new movement in contemporary dressing, now even known as Jackie O fashion. Jackie was aware that she was changing the world of fashion little by little and building a monument to the element of feminism that is almost non-existent to the opposite sex. So, to date, the world fondly recalls â€Å"the elegant simplicity of Jacqueline Kennedys style that would come to influence fashion all over the world. † (CAVF) It is not always that a woman is able to change the world by being herself; but the fact remains that Jackie sparked a revolution or more appropriately a renaissance in how women dressed in the 60’s and in the new millennia. Of course, some would say that fashion is just a small piece of the bigger picture depicting world shattering issues but how comforting it is to have someone slink back once in a while and remember that there is nothing that one does not have that one can give to the world. Making a difference means having that difference initiated within oneself and through fashion Jackie was able to make this bold and courageous statement. History will forever remember Jackie as the woman who was able to put policy into fashion; as the women who through her humility and respect for the female persona was able to take the fashion of the 60’s and the contemporary era and mold it to perfection by making women understand that fashion meant courage and conviction, that fashion was an extension of oneself, and that fashion does not need to be loud and un-moderated for it to be elegant, fashionable, and more importantly, stylish.

PRC Social Security Scheme :: essays research papers

PRC Social Security Scheme „h Major Characteristic of PRC Social Security Scheme - Only applicable to Chinese local employees - Local requirements may vary from locality to locality. „h Structure of Social Security Scheme - Pension - Unemployment Insurance - Medical Insurance - Housing National Requirement - Pension „h  ¡Ã‚ §Decisions of the State Council Concerning the Establishment of a Unified System of Basic Old-age Insurance for Staff and Workers of Enterprises ¡Ã‚ ¨(July 16, 1997) „h Structure of the Basic Pension Scheme - Requires mandatory participation by enterprises and employees; - Comprises 2 elements: a. Basic Pension Pooling Account b. Basic Pension Individual Account „h Enterprise Contribution - Maximum contribution of 20% of the total wages of the enterprises in general unless approved by Labour Bureau and Ministry of Finance. - For a foreign investment enterprise, the total wages only cover Chinese local employees ¡Ã‚ ¦ wages. - Among the 20% contribution: a. start at 7% of employee salary in 1997, to be gradually reduced to 3%, for contribution into the Basic Pension Individual Account b. 13% to 17% goes to Basic Pension Pooling Account „h Employee Contribution - Start at 4% of employee salary in 1997, to be gradually increased to 8% - Contribution goes to Basic Pension Individual Account National Requirement  ¡V Unemployment Insurance „h  ¡Ã‚ §Unemployment Insurance Regulation  ¡Ã‚ ¨ issued by State Council on January 22, 1999. „h Mandatory participants - Requires mandatory participation by enterprises and employees; -  ¡Ã‚ §Enterprise ¡Ã‚ ¨ refers to  ¡Ã‚ §Urban enterprises and institutions ¡Ã‚ ¨, inc luding: a. State-owned enterprises; b. Urban collective enterprises; c. Foreign investment enterprises; d. Urban private enterprises; and e. Other urban enteprises -  ¡Ã‚ §Employee ¡Ã‚ ¨ refers to  ¡Ã‚ §Staff and workers of urban enterprises and institution ¡Ã‚ ¨ „h Contribution - Employer contribution - 2% of the total wages of the enterprises; - Employee contribution - 1% of the employee ¡Ã‚ ¦s wage National Requirement  ¡V Medical Insurance „h  ¡Ã‚ §Decisions of the State Council Concerning the Establishment of a Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Staff and Workers  ¡Ã‚ ¨ issued by State Council „h Mandatory participants - Requires mandatory participation by enterprises and employees; -  ¡Ã‚ §Enterprises ¡Ã‚ ¨ refers to  ¡Ã‚ §all urban enterprises ¡Ã‚ ¨, including: a. State-owned enterprises; b. Urban collective enterprises; c. Foreign investment enterprises; d. Urban private enterprises; e. Government organizations, institutions; f . Social organizations; and g. Non-governmental non-enterprise units. -  ¡Ã‚ §Employees ¡Ã‚ ¨ refers to  ¡Ã‚ §employees of the above-mentioned enterprises ¡Ã‚ ¨ „h Contribution - Employer contribution  ¡V approximately 6% of the total wages of the enterprises; - Employee contribution - 2% of the employee ¡Ã‚ ¦s wage National Requirement  ¡V Housing „h  ¡Ã‚ §Administrative Regulation on Housing  ¡Ã‚ ¨ issued by the State Council on April 3, 1999.

Convergence of IP-Based Networks Essay

In the early days of the Internet, the only way to connect to the Web was by using a modem in conjunction with a dial-up connection. The modems, which stand for modulator-demodulator, were devices that converted analog signals into digital signals. Early modems operated at 1200 bps or bit/s per second to 2400 bps. Data transfer was slow and often unreliable. Today the Internet and the means to access the Internet has changed radically from the days of the modem. We now use lightning fast networks that include broadband, T1, satellite and digital wireless connections. The modernization of network technology has enabled the invention of cell phones, and other devices that allow users to access the Web and other networks from almost anywhere in the world and beyond. The advancement in network technology has led to its share of security risks. Attacks against networks, user’s personal information and corporate information have changed how the world deals with network security. The idea of Network Security is no longer an afterthought but the driving force in all network designs. IT managers are now concerned with securing data, ensuring only authorized end users have access to resources, and protecting the integrity of hardware, software and devices. A converged network has many of the same risks and susceptibility to threats as you might find if you were dealing with two separate networks. Denial of Service attacks against banks data storage servers could cause a lot of harm and potentially cause the loss of millions of dollars, Identification theft or loss of confidence for the organization. Converged networks place more information and resources in line with each other than would be found in having separate networks for each network needed to operate a company. This just means IT managers have to place all safeguards in one place. Wireless or mobile technology has added another dimension to information technology and information technology security. With the advent of cell phones, tablets and other Smart devices, many new challenges have evolved in the IT community. The manufacturers of these devices, in order to stay competitive,  have to consider the devices capabilities, cost, and what I think to be the most important aspect is, the security of the device. Mobile devices offer many opportunities in the modern work force that a person would not have with a desktop computer. Mobile devices offer flexibility that allows a person to work from virtually anywhere. The only limitation is network connectivity, and with a satellite connection this means the workplace is almost endless. Many companies are now moving in the direction of mobile technology but as with most new technologies the cost is high. In order for a company to fully integrate mobile technology they will need to perform a cost-benefit analysis and determine if the investment is justified. Data security and authentication processes/standards have been put place and are continually being updated that make mobile computing safe and reliable. These standards have made it easier and more cost effective for companies to operate across multiple platforms while maintaining system integrity, security and usability.

Enager Industries Ltd Essay

Introduction Enager Industries Ltd (Enager) was a relatively young company whom manufactured and produced products/services within three divisions- Consumer Products, Industrial Products and Professional Services. Consumer Products, the oldest among the three divisions in Enager, designed, manufactured and marketed a line of houseware items. Industrial Products built one -of -a- kind machine tools to customer specifications. Professional Services, the newest among the three, provided several kinds of engineering services and this division had grown rapidly because of its capability to perform â€Å"environmental impact† studies. Each division was treated as an essentially independent company but all new project proposals requiring investment in excess of $1,500,000 had to be reviewed by the Chief Financial Officer, Henry Hubbard. Analysis Carl Randall, Enager’s president, had transformed the three distinctly separate divisions from being treated as profit centers into investment centers in 1992 at the urging of Henry Hubbard. The change enabled the three divisions to use ROA (Return on Assets) as a performance measure of the success of each division. The ROA was defined to be the division’s net income divided by its total assets the division used to generate its profits. The net income for a division was calculated by taking the division’s â€Å"direct income before taxes†, subtracting the division’s share of corporate administrative expenses and its share of income tax expenses. On the other hand, the total assets of a division was calculated by taking the division’s assets, including receivables and the allocated corporate-office assets, including the centrally controlled cash account, based on the basis of divisional revenues. In addition, all fixed assets were recorded at their balance sheet values- original cost less accumulated straight line depreciation. Based on these calculation techniques, the sum of divisional net income and assets were equal to the corporate net income and assets respectively. Hubbard believed that a company like Enager should have a gross return on assets, defined as equal to earnings before interest and taxes divided by assets, of at least 12 percent, given the interest rates the company had had to pay on its debt. He told each division manager that  the division was to try to earn a gross return of 12 percent and new investment proposals would have to show a return of at least 15 percent in order to be approved. The company had managed to increase its ROA from 5.2 percent to 5.7 percent and its gross return from 9.3 percent to 9.5 percent from 1991 to 1992. However, several issues arose with regard to this new method. First, there was a problem occurred between Sarah McNeils, the product development manager of Consumer Products Division, and Hubbard while her new proposal demonstrated a return of thirteen percent (calculated in Exhibit 1) at different point of selling prices and units, however, it was rejected by Hubbard because it did not meet the 15 percent return he had set for all divisions. Another problem that arose within Enager was between the Industrial Products Division, and the president. The problem occurred when the president was unsatisfied with the ROA of Industrial Products Division and tried to put pressure on the general manager of the division. A conflict arose between them when the division manager argued that the division could have achieved a better ROA if they had a lot of old assets as Consumer Products Division did. Furthermore, in 1993, ROA fell from 5.7 percent to 5.4 percent and gross return dropped from 9.5 percent to 9.4 percent. However, at the same time, return on sales rose from 5.1 percent to 5.5 percent and return on owners’ equity also increased from 9.1 percent to 9.2 percent. Comparing the performance based on ROA in this year, Professional Services Division exceeded the 12 percent gross return target; Consumer Products Division’s gross ROA was 10.8 percent; the Industrial Products Division’s gross ROA was only 6.9 percent. The president was disappointed and puzzled about the results of ROA in 1993. I recognize that these problems were mainly resulted from inefficient use of ROA (Return on Assets) as a performance measurement method in Enager. Firstly, the president and the CFO should not set a target gross ROA rate of  15 percent for three different divisions that were obviously operating in different industries–Consumer Products Division produced a line of high volume low cost houseware items; Industrial Products Division was a large â€Å"job shop† who built one-of- kind machine tools to customer specifications, and Professional Services mainly provided engineering services. The three divisions had different amount of assets, nature of business and profitability and it is unreasonable to compare them with a fixed target rate of ROA. Second, the executives were making a mistake by using balance sheet values when calculating the fixed assets of each division. This had disadvantaged the divisions that contained more new assets with lesser depreciation values since ROA would be reduced due to a larger denominator resulted from higher values in assets. The president did not understand the comment from the manager of Industrial Products Division about the older a division’s assets would result in a higher ROA. And it was unfair to measure a division’s success based on the age of a division’s assets, and consequently, this would frustrate the manager in a division with a lot of new assets. Third, it was unreasonable to allocate corporation’s assets and expenses to divisional assets and net income based on revenue generated by the division. For example, if Professional Services Division was earning more than other two divisions, Professional Services’ return would be reduced by this inaccurate allocation method while more allocated corporate expenses would decrease the numerator and more allocated corporate assets would increase the denominator of the ROA calculation, subsequently, the ROA would not fully reflect division’s true performance. Recommendation and ImplementationCurrently, Enager is using ROA as a method of performance evaluation of the three divisions. As previously illustrated, this is an inefficient use of ROA since total divisional assets and net income are influenced by varying components. ROA in its current form does not paint an accurate picture of the overall performance of the company. For example, division contains more assets is obviously disadvantaged since their ROA would be subsided by a larger amount of denominator. In addition,  the company could not yield the highest revenues by setting a benchmark ROA rate in which all divisions are encouraged to attain. For example, McNeils’ proposal was rejected because it did not meet the 15 percent return required by Hubbard. However, McNeil’s proposal demonstrates a return of 13 percent, and favourable residual income at any point under the 13 percent Weighted Average Capital Cost. Enager had missed the opportunity to increase the earnin gs per share of the company due to incorrectly setting a target rate for all three divisions. The company could choose an alternative measure of divisional performance such as Balanced Scorecard. Balanced Scorecard is a performance measurement system which measures a division’s activities in terms of its goals and strategies rather than a ratio like ROA. The management could obtain a broad-based view of the performance of a division from both divisional financial and non financial elements. In establishing the Balanced Scorecard, executives must choose a mix of measurements that accurately reflect the important factors that will determine the success of the divisional strategy; show the relationships among the individual measures in a cause-and-effect manner; and provide a comprehensive view of the current condition of the division. The Balanced Scorecard promotes a balance among different strategic measures in an effort to achieve goal congruence, thus fostering employees to act in the organization’s best interest. If Enager were to use Balanced Scorecard, divisions would be able to have the same profit objectives by focusing on the same goals of the company but not just focusing on a fixed target return rate. For example, by introducing Balanced Scorecard, this would allow McNeils to carry out her proposal that would benefit the company as a whole but may have a lowering impact on her divisional ROA. Another advantage of Balanced Scorecard, unlike ROA, is that the comprehensive value of the division is reflected in this method. This allows executives of Enager to better compare between divisions operated in different industries since the performance measurement system takes different perspectives such as financial, customer, internal business and innovation of the division into account. After analyzing the two alternatives I recommend that Enager implement  Balanced Scorecard method for their division performance measures. I feel that ROA reduces the comparability between divisions, limits expansion for the company and the individual divisions, and consequently it does not provide fair performance measurements for divisions and the company. For example, ROA fell from 5.7 percent to 5.4 percent from 1992 to 1993 but at the same time, return on sales rose from 5.1 percent to 5.5 percent and return on owners’ equity also increased from 9.1 percent to 9.2 percent. This suggests that ROA does not fully depict the true performance of the company. Balanced Scorecard, on the other hand, is a better method for Enager for assessing divisional performance because it effectively depicts performance from financial and non-financial perspectives. This is a better measurement method for Enager especially its divisions were operating in different industries. Furthermore, Balanced Scorecard promotes goal congruence because divisions will not only be working to better themselves, but the decisions that are made will benefit the company as a whole. ConclusionEnager Industries Ltd was a relatively young company whom manufactured and produced products/services within three divisions. The company was using ROA method in assessing divisional performance. There were a few problems and conflicts arose within the company due to inefficient use of ROA. Switching to Balanced Scorecard will help Enager obtain stronger goal congruency while alleviating some inefficiency in performance measure created by ROA. Robert N. (2007). â€Å"Management Control Systems†. McGraw-Hill: New York. American Accounting Association Financial Accounting Standards Committee. (2003, June). Implications of Accounting Research for the FASB’s Initatives on Disclosure of Information about Intangible Assets. Accounting Horizons, 17, 175-185. Retrieved January 19, 2007 from ABI-Inform. http://0-proquest.umi.com.darius.uleth.ca:80/pqdweb?did=356893801&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=12304&RQT=309&VName=PQDUpton, W.S. (2001, April). Business and Financial Reporting: Challenges from the New Economy. FASB Financial Accounting Series Special Report No. 219-A. Retrieved September 6, 2006 from

President Andrew Johnson essays

President Andrew Johnson essays It is said that President Andrew Johnson was one of the worst presidents in American History, being the first of only two presidents to have been impeached by the House of Representatives. But was the impeachment of Andrew Johnson justified? Andrew Johnson was proof that anyone has a chance at making it in life, regardless of your families status or wealth. Born in Raleigh, North Carolina to nearly illiterate parents, Johnsons dad died when he was very young leaving his mother to support him and his brother. At the age of 14 Johnson and his brother were working as apprentices for the local tailor. After moving to Greeneville, Tennessee in 1827 he opened his own tailor shop. (www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com) Johnson became very involved in politics. In 1829 he was elected to his town council, and as mayor in 1831. He spent time on the Tennessee state legislature, until he was elected to congress in 1843. Johnson was elected to the US senate in 1857 to represent Tennessee. (www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com) During the Civil war Johnson did not return to the south, instead he stayed and joined the republicans. In 1862, Lincoln named him the states military governor. Abraham Lincoln chose Johnson as his vice-presidential running mate in the election of 1864. When president Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, Johnson was sworn in as the new president. (www.crf-usa.org) While Johnson was president he came up with a plan to reconstruct the south and readmit them into the Union. During the elections for the new southern government representatives the black freed men were not allowed to vote, Johnson agreed with this saying It would breed a war of races(www.crf-usa.org) In December when the congress met they were outraged that the men who had played large parts in leading the rebellion were once again in the power of the South. Making matters worse the southern governments were making ...

Great White Fleet Circles the Globe

Great White Fleet Circles the Globe A Rising Power In the years after its triumph in the Spanish-American War, the United States quickly grew in power and prestige on the world stage. A newly established imperial power with possessions that included Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, it was felt that the United States needed to substantially increase its naval power to retain its new global status. Led by the energy of President Theodore Roosevelt, the US Navy built eleven new battleships between 1904 and 1907. While this construction program greatly grew the fleet, the combat effectiveness of many of the ships was jeopardized in 1906 with the arrival of the all-big gun HMS Dreadnought. Despite this development, the expansion of naval strength was fortuitous as Japan, recently triumphant in the Russo-Japanese War after victories at Tsushima and Port Arthur, presented a growing threat in the Pacific. Concerns with Japan Relations with Japan were further stressed in 1906, by a series of laws which discriminated against Japanese immigrants in California. Touching off anti-American riots in Japan, these laws were ultimately repealed at Roosevelts insistence. While this aided in calming the situation, relations remained strained and Roosevelt became concerned about the US Navys lack of strength in the Pacific. To impress upon the Japanese that the United States could shift its main battle fleet to the Pacific with ease, he began devising a world cruise of the nations battleships. Roosevelt had effectively utilized naval demonstrations for political purposes in the past as earlier that year he had deployed eight battleships to the Mediterranean to make a statement during the Franco-German Algeciras Conference. Support at Home In addition to sending a message to the Japanese, Roosevelt wished to provide the American public with a clear understanding that the nation was prepared for a war at sea and sought to secure support for the construction of additional warships. From an operational standpoint, Roosevelt and naval leaders were eager to learn about the endurance of American battleships and how they would stand up during long voyages. Initially announcing that the fleet would be moving to the West Coast for training exercises, the battleships gathered at Hampton Roads in late 1907 to take part in the Jamestown Exposition. Preparations Planning for the proposed voyage required a full assessment of the US Navys facilities on the West Coast as well as across the Pacific. The former were of particular importance as it was expected the fleet would require a full refit and overhaul after steaming around South America (the Panama Canal was not yet open). Concerns immediately arose that the only navy yard capable of servicing the fleet was at Bremerton, WA as the main channel into San Franciscos Mare Island Navy Yard was too shallow for battleships. This necessitated the re-opening of a civilian yard on Hunters Point in San Francisco. The US Navy also found that arrangements were needed to ensure that the fleet could be refueled during the voyage. Lacking a global network of coaling stations, provisions were made to have colliers meet the fleet at prearranged locations to permit refueling. Difficulties soon arose in contracting sufficient American-flagged ships and awkwardly, especially given the point of the cruise, the majority of the colliers employed were of British registry. Around the World Sailing under command of Rear Admiral Robley Evans, the fleet consisted of the battleships USS Kearsarge, USS Alabama, USS Illinois, USS Rhode Island , USS Maine, USS Missouri, USS Ohio, USS Virginia, USS Georgia, USS New Jersey, USS Louisiana, USS Connecticut, USS Kentucky, USS Vermont, USS Kansas, and USS Minnesota. These were supported by a Torpedo Flotilla of seven destroyers and five fleet auxiliaries. Departing the Chesapeake on December 16, 1907, the fleet steamed past the presidential yacht Mayflower as they left Hampton Roads. Flying his flag from Connecticut, Evans announced that the fleet would be returning home via the Pacific and circumnavigating the globe. While it is unclear whether this information was leaked from the fleet or became public after the ships arrival on the West Coast, it was not met with universal approval. While some were concerned that the nations Atlantic naval defenses would be weakened by the fleets prolonged absence, others were concerned about the cost. Senator Eugene Hale, the chairman of the Senate Naval Appropriation Committee, threatened to cut the fleets funding. To the Pacific Responding in typical fashion, Roosevelt replied that he already had the money and dared Congressional leaders to try and get it back. While the leaders wrangled in Washington, Evans and his fleet continued with their voyage. On December 23, 1907, they made their first port call at Trinidad before pressing on to Rio de Janeiro. En route, the men conducted the usual Crossing the Line ceremonies to initiate those sailors who had never crossed the Equator. Arriving in Rio on January 12, 1908, the port call proved eventful as Evans suffered an attack of gout and several sailors became involved in a bar fight. Departing Rio, Evans steered for the Straits of Magellan and the Pacific. Entering the straits, the ships made a brief call at Punta Arenas before transiting the dangerous passage without incident. Reaching Callao, Peru on February 20, the men enjoyed a nine-day celebration in honor of George Washingtons birthday. Moving on, the fleet paused for one month at Magdalena Bay, Baja California for gunnery practice. With this complete, Evans moved up the West Coast making stops at San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Monterey, and San Francisco. Across the Pacific While in port at San Francisco, Evans health continued to worsen and command of the fleet passed to Rear Admiral Charles Sperry. While the men were treated as royalty in San Francisco, some elements of the fleet traveled north to Washington, before the fleet reassembled on July 7. Before departing, Maine and Alabama were replaced by USS Nebraska and USS Wisconsin due to their high fuel consumption. In addition, the Torpedo Flotilla was detached. Steaming into the Pacific, Sperry took the fleet to Honolulu for a six-day stop before proceeding on to Auckland, New Zealand. Entering port on August 9, the men were regaled with parties and warmly received. Pushing on to Australia, the fleet made stops at Sydney and Melbourne and was met with great acclaim. Steaming north, Sperry reached Manila on October 2, however liberty was not granted due to a cholera epidemic. Departing for Japan eight days later, the fleet endured a severe typhoon off Formosa before reaching Yokohama on October 18. Due to the diplomatic situation, Sperry limited liberty to those sailors with exemplary records with the goal of preventing any incidents. Greeted with exceptional hospitality, Sperry and his officers were housed at the Emperors Palace and the famed Imperial Hotel. In port for a week, the men of the fleet were treated to constant parties and celebrations, including one hosted by famed Admiral Togo Heihachiro. During the visit, no incidents occurred and the goal of bolstering good will between the two nations was achieved. The Voyage Home Dividing his fleet in two, Sperry departed Yokohama on October 25, with half heading for a visit to Amoy, China and the other to the Philippines for gunnery practice. After a brief call in Amoy, the detached ships sailed for Manila where they rejoined the fleet for maneuvers. Preparing to head for home, the Great White Fleet departed Manila on December 1 and made a week-long stop at Colombo, Ceylon before reaching the Suez Canal on January 3, 1909. While coaling at Port Said, Sperry was alerted to a severe earthquake at Messina, Sicily. Dispatching Connecticut and Illinois to provide aid, the rest of the fleet divided to make calls around the Mediterranean. Regrouping on February 6, Sperry made final port call at Gibraltar before entering the Atlantic and setting a course for Hampton Roads. Reaching home on February 22, the fleet was met by Roosevelt aboard Mayflower and cheering crowds ashore. Lasting fourteen months, the cruise aided in the conclusion of the Root-Takahira Agreement between the United States and Japan and demonstrated that modern battleships were capable of long journeys without significant mechanical breakdowns. In addition, the voyage led to several changes in ship design including the elimination of guns near the waterline, the removal of old-style fighting tops, as well as improvements to ventilation systems and crew housing. Operationally, the voyage provided thorough sea training for both the officers and men and led to improvements in coal economy, formation steaming, and gunnery. As a final recommendation, Sperry suggested that the US Navy change the color of its ships from white to gray. While this had been advocated for some time, it was put into effect after the fleets return.

Popular culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Popular culture - Essay Example The main character is ostensibly Jeff Winger (played by Joel McHale), a handsome, conniving lawyer who has to go to a community college when he is revealed to have a fake degree. However, the key character is actually Abed Nadir, a young Arab-American who has Asperger’s syndrome, a form of autism. This plays on the audience’s assumption that the handsome white man is always the hero and the most important character. For the first few episodes, the audience is led to believe that the show is about Jeff and his pursuit of the beautiful blonde Britta while a group of co-stars provide comic relief; later we see that the show is actually about Abed and his attempts to understand other people. Because of his Asperger’s syndrome, Abed is fixated on television and movies, and comparing everything in his life to TV and movies is his only way to relate to the people around him. Every episode either references the plot of specific movies and shows, or parodies a particular genre of movies. As the viewer watches for several episodes, it becomes apparent that the entire show is filtered through Abed’s perspective. This is different from other shows. With nearly all other TV shows, there is an unspoken agreement between the makers of the show and the audience that the audience will suspend their disbelief and pretend for an hour or a half an hour each week that the events in the show are true. Community betrays this agreement by subtly suggesting to the audience that the events in the show might not be real. Of course the audience knows this, but everyone is supposed to pretend that that’s not the case. It then makes the audience unsure of what is real within the world of the show. Is Abed real? Is he imagining everything, or just modifying reality a little bit? If we could see the show from outside of Abed’s perspective, would the characters even really be Abed’s friends, and would any of the events we’ve seen them ena ct have actually happened? The humor in the show requires the audience to have a base of knowledge about pop-culture in order to get the jokes. The show doesn’t assume that the audience is stupid and needs everything to be simple or have everything explained to them, but instead assumes a certain amount of shared cultural experience. The assumption is that enough people have seen The Breakfast Club, for example, or perhaps Pulp Fiction, that when an episode references one of those movies, most of the audience will get it. According to Steven Johnson, author of Everything Bad Is Good for You, this is a recent phenomenon in television. TV used to be much simpler and did not require the same amount of memory or mental work to understand. This points to an increase in the demand by audiences for more intelligent and challenging humor (85-87). Community also does not give the same clear-cut moral messages that other TV shows did in the past. Most television shows from previous era s held to the same moral and political values. They preached against racism and in favor of diversity, paid lip-service to feminism while still mostly showing women in traditional roles, and spoke in favor of traditional â€Å"family values.† Community portrays a world where things are not that simple. For example, it shows rather than tells us that race and diversity is a confusing topic and that things do not fit perfectly into a â€Å"

East and West Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

East and West - Essay Example It is then that Jesus named Simon his chief disciple, giving him the name Peter meaning â€Å"rock†. At the point of the naming, Jesus blessed Simon and made his promise of building an everlasting and Holy Church upon the â€Å"rock† that was Simon Peter. Upon the death of Jesus Christ, Simon Peter became the Chief priest and head of the other disciples to spearhead the apostolic era spread of the Gospel. It then happened that Simon Peter became the first person among the disciples to establish the very first church in Rome (Dowley 195). As believed by many Catholics, the murder of Peter took place in Rome, where he also served as the head of Christians in the region and across the world. Guettee notes that many Christian believers and particularly Catholics believe that the Roman bishop received Peter’s mantle to lead the Christian flock across the world. Catholics also believe that before Peter died, he entrusted the bishop of Rome with the responsibilities of building and caring for established Church. With the existing belief and honor granted to the bishop of Rome as the leader and head of largest section of the Christian Church, and as an attribute to Peter, Adrian I declared himself as the Pope, a trend matured by Nicholas I and upheld further by King Gregory VII. Episcopacy is a form of government organization developed to rule the church (Dowley 196.). The rise of episcopacy in Christianity in the early Church attaches to the presbyter. Presbyter was a priest and overseer in the various churches and believed to develop from the Apostles of Jesus Christ during the spread of the Gospel. Papandrea explains that the concurrent growth and increase in population of Christians facilitated the formation of higher position of bishop of Rome, also considered as father bearing the great responsibility of exercising control of the Catholics in Rome and beyond (23). As the churches grew with characterization of multitude of followers, it became hard for the bishop to manage the churches single handedly, thus, the need to develop some other positions and offices to help manage the churches. The newly formed positions comprised the priests who were still presbyters and deacons, all of whom had the responsibilities of serving various divisions of Christians. Both the priest and the deacons were answerable to the bishop. It is worth noting that the deacons were assistants of the priests and, therefore, every church or congregation had the two dignitaries. Bishop of Rome enjoyed exclusive rights to appoint, dismiss the priests and deacons, approve church members and even baptize church members. Bishop of Rome also exercised absolute control over the finances of the various churches under his control and settled disputes among the church members. The Bishop of Rome also headed other bishops serving in other cities and countries. The entire system was what entailed the episcopacy. The bishop of Rome, otherwise known as the Pope, played various functions, center of which was the unification of the Christian religion (Dowley 200). Bishop of Rome mediated between Christians upon emergence of any conflicts and differences. For instance, Leo the Great met with the barbarians of Hun in 452 and the barbarians of Vandal in 455 to negotiate the modalities of restoring peace in Rome through withdrawal of the threats posed by the barbarians. Pope Gregory 1 also led negotiation with the Lombard barbarians in 592 to ensure withdrawal of the

Corporate Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Finance - Essay Example In addition, environmental factors like macro economic conditions and cyclical behaviour of the industry may influence on their performance. The hubris hypotheses formulated by Roll, states that often company managers systematically commit error in evaluating merger opportunities which are due to their excessive self-confidence. So, managerial motives play important role in determining the outcome of the merger and acquisition. In contrast, in some instances even when shareholder wealth is destroyed, executives still seem to gain from mergers and acquisitions, which show that, managers through mergers and acquisition activities may seek to utilise their own utility at the expense of shareholders (Casper Flugt, 2009). Main objectives of merger Companies go for merger and acquisitions to expand their business. By the process they try to develop their companies’ brands. Aim to reduce market competition. Aim to cutting costs by laying off employees, removing management and other r elated actions. To reduce taxes they go for merger. Aim for ‘empire building’ by acquiring managers and other purposes, they may go for acquisition. It is a strategic move by companies to diversify their business away from their resources. Company managers think that joint company will be able to generate more value than the separate firms. There are many options for payment for a company when it goes for acquiring another firm. It can pay in fully cash, or it may buy targeted shares. It can also choose a combination of loan notes, share and equity, deferred payment. Actually, the payment method is important for several reasons. Payment by means of cash and debt will benefit more for a company than stock acquisitions, as it could be used more efficiently... At the time of stock market boom, mergers were more appealing. On the other hand, falling share prices can lead to a company being undervalued, and make it an attractive for acquisition. Mergers and acquisitions can either be value destroyers or value creators that depend on factors like company’s cost of capital, its strategies and decisions and cash flows generated from the business operations The performance is not related to the nature of an industry, instead it was driven by the quality and strategy of management. Good strategy by management can produce good results, on the other hand, poor decision and strategies may end with poor performance. In the present competitive market companies are looking for mergers and acquisitions to expand their business to a newer region. Most of the mergers and acquisitions resulted in value creation. Especially, in case of big companies it is true. There is some perception that nearly 50-70% of mergers fail to deliver shareholder value. In many occasions employees feel the pinch as the new group goes to cut jobs to reduce cost to the company. But, ultimately performance is not related to the nature of an industry, instead it was driven by the quality and strategy of management. Sound financial management along with other favourable factors is necessary for value creation, its survival and growth for any company.

Linking observation of children to developmental theory and policy

Linking observation of children to developmental theory and policy Written Report Linking Observation of Children to Developmental Theory and Policy Watching and listening to children is an important part of a Nursery Practitioners role. This is how we learn what stage of development a child has reached. Bowlby states â€Å"a further principle of the theory of learning is that an individual cannot learn a skill unless he has a friendly feeling towards his teacher.† (pg65) Observations enable you to compare to the expected development milestones which are the basis of our Social policy they are Practice Guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage and the Every Child Matters documents. As all children develop at their own pace, there are influences that affect the rate at which a child develops, and these are environmental and also genetic. A childs surroundings, their family, and culture are very important in placing particular emphasis on some aspects rather than others. Rousseau proposed† that development proceeds according to an inner, biological timetable; we have a picture of development unfolding fairly independently from environmental influences. Children are no longer simply shaped by external forces, such as adult teachings and social reinforcements. They grow and learn largely on their own, according to natures plan. We call this method â€Å"Biological Maturation.† Within the first week of a child starting in the nursery setting, an initial child profile checklist is carried out. This profile gives the basis for the key person to discover at what stage of Early Years Foundation Development the child has currently reached; it also aids the key person in planning activities to assist in the childs development in moving on to the next stage. Practitioners will also be able to see any child development concerns. This can assist the key person in devising an individual educational plan if necessary. The methods of observations used for this report are a Sociogram and a Developmental Checklist. However these observations are only a snap shot of the overall development of the child. The aim of this Sociogram is to discover what child As interests are; who she interacts with; and what stages of development she has reached. Art Area Painting Choosing painting Putting apron on correctly Asking for help Painting lines and circle Writing L for name Speaks to child B Home Corner Dresses doll Speaks to doll Has conversation with child C explains what she is doing Book Area Talks to staff about rules Speaks to child D and E about rules Reads story to two children. The checklist focuss on the physical and intellectual development of child A as we can see from the checklist, the childs physical development is on line with the milestones stated. Also intellectual assessment is on line with Early Years Foundation Stage and Mary D Sheridan From birth to Five Years. E. Y. F. S. Personal, Social, Emotional Making Relationships 30-50 months Form friendships with other children. Demonstrate flexibility and adapt their behaviour to different events. 40-60 months Value and contribute to own well-being and self-control. Early LearningGoal 40-60+ months. Form good relationships with adults and peers. Sheridan 4 years Inclined to verbal impertinence with adults and quarrelling with playmates when wishes crossed. Bandura said â€Å"in social settings, we learn a great deal through imitation, and imitation involves cognitive processes.† (Cited Theories of Development). Dispositions and Attitudes 30-50 months Shows confidence in linking up with others for support and guidance. E.Y.F.S Communication, Language, Literacy Language for Communication 30-50 months Use intonation, rhythm and phrasing to make their meaning clear to others. Responds to simple instructions. 40-60 months Have confidence to speak to others about their own wants and interests. Linking sounds and letters 40-60 months Hear and say the initial sound in words and know which letters represent some of the sounds. Vygotsky states the acquisition of speech is of a major importance to the growing child, it enables the child to participate in the social life of his or her group. ` Sheridan 3years Hearing and Speech Large vocabulary intelligible even to strangers, but speech still shows many infantile phonetic substitutions and unconventional grammatical forms. Speech modulating in loudness and range of pitch. 4 years Matches and names four primary colours correctly. Reading 30-50 months Handle books carefully. Begin to be aware of the way stories are structured. Know information can be relayed in the form of print. Hold books the correct way up and turn pages. Writing 30-50 Sometimes give meaning to the marks they make. Montessori claims â€Å"four year olds usually master writing before reading. This is because writing is the more concrete and sensory activity and therefore better suits the young childs style of learning.†(Cited Theories of Development). Handwriting 30-50 months Use one handed tools. Draw lines and circles using gross motor skills. 40-60 months Begin to form recognisable letters. Sheridan 4 years Holds and uses a pencil with good control in adult fashion. Montessori says first, the child is shown how to hold a pencil and then practices drawing by staying within outlines. (CitedTheories and Development). E.Y.F.S Knowledge, Understanding of the World Exploration and investigation 22-36months Use others as sources of information and learning. Brunner believed children can do more if they have guidance and help from another person who is more experienced than themselves whether it is peer or an adult. His scaffold approach, giving the child more support at first then reducing that support as the child becomes secure (Brunner 1973). Time 30-50 months Remember and talk about significant events in their own experience E.Y.F.S Creative Development Developing Imaginative play 40-60 months Play alongside other children who are engaged in the same theme E.Y.F.S Physical Development Using Equipment and Materials 30-50 months Engage in activities requiring hand eye co-ordination. Show increasing control over clothing and fastenings. Sheridan 4 years Posture and Large Movement Walks or runs alone up and down stairs using one foot to a stair. Advantages and Disadvantages The methods of observations used had advantages and disadvantages the Sociogram disadvantages:- Subject to considerable distortion. Another child may need your attention; therefore you may have to stop and start again. Also another member of staff can not take over form you. A lot of language can take place which is not obvious in the Sociogram. Not explanatory for parents. Advantages:- 1. Shows how many contacts a child has during the time observed. â€Å"Interesting to test out the theories that young children are more likely to have changing friends† states(Sharman C et al) Checklist disadvantages:- Children dont always perform to order. A lot of language can take place which is not obvious in the checklist. Parents can miss interpret results. Information is closed data. Advantages:- You can put checklist down and return to it later. Quick and easy way to record. Any colleague can take over from you. You are able to identify a need while you are doing this. Does not require completion in one day. Does not require to be filled in the order given. Its an on going profile for the Early Years Foundation Stage Development. Evaluation The milestones for a four year old (Sheridan) states â€Å"walks up and down stairs alone one foot to a stair and matches and names four primary colours correctly† (pg 55); child A is 3 years 3months. This shows us that she is above her milestone development. Child A interacts well with staff and relates well to her peers; she thoroughly enjoys books and taking the lead and reading stories to her peers; a lot of the time from memory. The information gathered does not give a holistic view of the child but of her performance on the day the observations were carried out. Conclusion As we have assessed child As milestones through the observations we now know that she has reached the milestones relevant for her age range. We also note that she has reached several developmental milestones in the next stage of her development. Other methods of observation used in the setting are Target child and Time sample along with photographic observations. We know that childrens development is not straight forward and that they all develop at a different speed, so for the practitioners to be able to monitor these milestones they need to have the knowledge and social policies in place to be able refer to them. Sharman, Cross and Vennis say â€Å"The most appropriate way to monitor progress and compare it with what we are learning, or know, about the way children and young people mature and develop, is to understand observation.† ( Sharmon C, viii 2006 ).

Securing The Electronic Operating Environment Essay -- Information Tec

Purpose Operating systems, applications, databases, and other types of information processing systems are the core element for all business operations all through the private and public sector environments. Because no information system is bulletproof, nor is there any way to ensure complete safety while using any type of electronic device it is essential to practice vigilance at all times. Viruses, Trojans, worms, and other malicious tools are used daily by hackers at an attempt to compromise sensitive data and integrity of information systems. Without stable, secure applications and operating systems that have been updated with the latest patches, and tested for durability to provide a secure computing environment, the confidentiality, integrity, and availability to the entire domain and infrastructure are at risk. Differentiating between the good and bad is crucial to the protection of IT assets and personnel. This report will evaluate operating system and application security, methods us ed to verify authenticity, and reveal the most common vulnerabilities found throughout various digital operating environments. Digital information security can be defined best as the protection of IT assets and services against unauthorized access. An authorized user or service with legitimate permission to access sensitive data systems or applications may engage in malicious activities such as inputting incorrect data into the system to force others to repeat the same task over. Although these types of activities may not cause immediate irreversible damage to the infrastructure it still remains important to prevent such incidents from occurring before they escalate into something more serious. For this reason it is essential to not onl... ...mes - Politics, Breaking News, US and World News. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/sep/13/computer-based-attacks-emerge-as-threat-of-future-/?page=all Johnson, R., & Merkow, M. S. (2011). Security policies and implementation issues. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Operating System and Process Monitoring Tools. (n.d.). Department of Computer Science & Engineering . Retrieved May 24, 2012, from http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse567-06/ftp/os_monitors/index.html Thielen, D. (1992). No bugs!: delivering error-free code in C and C++. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Virtual machine Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Technology Product Reviews, News, Prices & Downloads | PCMag.com | PC Magazine. Retrieved May 24, 2012, from http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,1237,t=virtual+machine&i=53927,00.asp

A socialist called J. B Priestley Essay

‘An Inspector Calls’ was written by a socialist called J. B Priestley. The play was set in1912 but was written in 1945. The play is a mixture of detective/thriller and a moral mystery play. Priestley was a very strong socialist who believed that community and society were very important: ‘We are responsible for each other’. He wanted people to live equally in a welfare state together. If we don’t we will realise this in ‘fire, blood and anguish’. He made us believe this quote because two world wars had already happened by the time he had written the play. The play was set in 1912 in and Edwardian era many things were happening around this time, The sinking of the Titanic, many strikes, the suffragettes and the build up to World War 1. Priestley uses a lot of dramatic irony most of which comes from Birling’s lines when he says that ‘war is impossible’ we know that he is wrong because war has already happened. In Stephen Daldry’s National Theatre Production the set symbolises the two different aspects of the play: The Edwardian townhouse in Brumley and 1945 in the background. A scene was shown from the Blitz (when Germany kept bombing England continuously). There are sirens going off and there are people dressed in 1940’s clothes and there is the Birling’s Townhouse in the background. When they show 1912 and 1945 it gives a better perspective on the irony for a modern audience. Priestley makes people understand what the world was like before we came. Priestley puts his aim across through the characters especially the inspector because his words and speeches are very dramatic and leaves the other characters thinking about what he said because his lines have a very big impact on them. He also makes the audience feel involved because he makes it relate to something that could happen in real life. His lines also builds up tension between the characters within the family he turns them against one another by making them all believe that each and every one of them are involved with Eva Smith’s death and that they all knew who Eva Smith was. For instance when Sheila finds out the Gerald was having an affair with Eva Smith behind her back because he lies to Sheila and tells her he was working she decides that she doesn’t want to get married to him any more ‘But just in case you forget – or decide not to come back Gerald, I think you’d better take this with you’ Sheila decides to give the ring back to Gerald. The inspectors closing speech makes the characters speechless abut what he has said. Sheila, Gerald and Eric are the only ones who are affected about what the inspector has said. Mr and Mrs Birling are worried about their status and about what people would think of them if they found out what had happened they don’t learn anything at the end of the play even though Sheila tries to explain to them ‘I tell you whoever that inspector was. It was anything but a joke. You knew it then. You began to learn something then. And now you’ve stopped. You’re ready to go on in the same old way’. Mr and Mrs Birling just think that Sheila is being silly.

Discrimination in the Holocaust

â€Å"Bacilli,† â€Å"spongers,† â€Å"parasites,† â€Å"poisonous mushrooms,† â€Å"rats,† â€Å"leeches,† and so forth (Burleigh and Wippermann, 1991, p. 42). This is the language Hitler used to describe â€Å"the Jew†. Although one may argue that these metaphors were used as a rhetorical device, the terms employed implied extermination as one possible fate for the Jews. On September 1919, Hitler had been assigned by his commander in the List Regiment of the German army to monitor meetings of the German Worker's Party.Shortly after, he discovered his affinity with much of the party's program and joined the organization. Hitler's extraordinary oratorical ability quickly propelled him to the leadership of the party in July 1921, where he moved his comrades to a more militant position in regard to the Jews. The success of the Final Solution required the cooperation of the political leadership and bureaucracy, which promulgated decrees t hat segregated Jews from the rest of society.These steps included the enactment of laws that defined who was a Jew, followed by a census of the Jewish population and the requirement that Jews register their assets for the eventual expropriation of their property and businesses (â€Å"Aryanization†). In the stage preceding the roundup of Jews for deportation, the expectation was that Jews would be used for forced labor. In order to identify Jews they were required to wear an armband with a Star of David. Later, Germans insisted on this rule in all countries occupied by them.Hitler also began to disseminate in his speeches the â€Å"stab in the back† accusation that held Jews responsible for Germany's defeat in World War I and the country's subsequent economic and political ills. The phrase â€Å"stab in the back† was first used by General Paul von Hindenburg when he was summoned by the Reichstag to explain Germany's defeat, but at the time he did not use it as a condemnation of the Jews. Hitler used the phrase exclusively against the Jews for purposes of political propaganda. Throughout the rest of the life of the Weimar Republic, Hitler made antisemitism his primary focus in building his political movement.The autobiography Mein Kampf remains an uncanny record of Hitler's obsession with the Jews and provides insight into the origin of the Nazi racial laws of the 1930s and the subsequent ideas that propelled the Nazis to murder the Jews of Europe. In Mein Kampf, Hitler devoted more than twenty pages to prostitution and syphilis. He blamed the spread of both on the Jews'effort to corrupt the â€Å"racial purity† of the German people. The Jews were accused not only of attempting to subvert the nation politically but also of undermining its racial foundation.Throughout the Weimar Republic, Hitler's violent language against the Jews was implemented in deed by both the SA and the SS. Jews were an easy target because, although constituting only 1 percent of the population, they were visible in all aspects of German life. Their most obvious presence was in politics, where the Nazis were able to connect Jews with bolshevism. Besides, Jews were largely found in the major cities such as Berlin. The cities also were the centers of banking and commerce, and Jews were prominent as bankers in Weimar Germany.Although Jews were not owners of the increasingly important credit banks, some of the largest of these banks employed Jewish managers (Niewyk, 1980). Jewish visibility was most pronounced in the unique artistic and intellectual flowering known as Weimar culture. Jews were proud that a quarter of all the Nobel prizes won by Germans by 1933 were won by German Jews. Finally, Jews had every reason to be proud of their military record during World War I, despite charges made by right-wing groups that Jews had evaded military service.The participation of Jews in the war entitled them to believe that through the crucible of batt le, they had proved their loyalty beyond question. This was not to be. Between 1933 and 1935, the German government enacted laws that removed Jews from public life and revoked their rights as citizens. Concurrent with the passage of anti-Jewish legislation, on July 14, 1933, the government issued the Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring, allowing for the sterilization of anyone recognized as suffering from hereditary diseases, including manic-depressive disease, genetic blindness, genetic deafness, and other chronic diseases.The policies for each group, however, had different objectives. Sterilization and, later, euthanasia were aimed at improving the health of the national community through a program of â€Å"negative eugenics,† or the elimination of the unfit from society. The laws directed toward the Jews had a different intent. Jews were characterized as an active and dangerous enemy that endangered the very existence of the nation. Like traditional an tisemitism, which portrayed Jews as enemies of Christendom, the Nazis viewed themselves in an apocalyptic struggle with consequences that would determine the fate of the Aryan race.German government promulgated the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service on April 7, 1933, barring anyone not of Aryan descent from public employment and establishing in law the principle of racial differences between Jews and all other Germans. The 1933 law represented the link between Nazi ideology and public policy. Inasmuch as the Nazi vision was one of creating a utopia based on racial purity, the law effectively excluded Jews from all key areas of German life.The Civil Service Law removed the Jews from the state structure, and subsequent laws regulated Jewish physicians to â€Å"protect† the biological health of the nation. The disbarment of lawyers had the objective of protecting the social fabric of society, and the laws regarding schools, universities, the press, and the cultural professions aimed at restoring the primacy of Aryan culture. A 1933 directive ordering companies to fire Jewish employees said, â€Å"It is not religion but race that is decisive. Christianized Jews are thus equally affected.† (Miller, 1995, p. 18) Although this was only partially enforced until 1938, this definition increased the number of those considered Jews from approximately 540,000 by religious profession to a pool of possibly 700,000 by genealogy. The problem arising from these objectives was to determine who was a Jew and what constituted membership in that group. One of the first Nazi definitions of a Jew came from Alfred Rosenberg, head of the Nazi Party's foreign-policy department, who stated, â€Å"A Jew is he whose parents on either side are nationally Jews.Anyone who has a Jewish husband or wife is henceforth a Jew. † (p. 11) In April 1933, a government decree designated as non-Aryan anyone who had a Jewish parent or a Jewish grandparent; the p arent or grandparent was presumed to be Jewish if he or she belonged to the Jewish religion. This definition remained operative until September 15, 1935, when the Nuremberg Laws were proclaimed at a special session of the Reichstag summoned to Nuremberg during the annual Nazi Party rally in that city.The law defined a Jew as â€Å"anyone who had descended from at least three Jewish grandparents or from two Jewish grandparents and belonged to the Jewish religious community on September 15, 1935, or joined the community on a subsequent date or was married to a Jewish person on September 15, 1935, or married a Jew on a subsequent date or was the offspring of a marriage contracted with a three-quarter or a full Jew after the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor had come into force or was the offspring of an extramarital relationship with a three-quarter or full Jew and was born out of wedlock after July 31, 1936.† (Hilberg, 1961, p. 48) Not defined as a Jew but counte d as a Mischling, or of mixed Jewish blood, was â€Å"any person who descended from two Jewish grandparents but who did not adhere to the Jewish religion on September 15, 1935 and who did not join it at any subsequent time and was not married to a Jewish person on the September 15 date and who did not marry such a person at any subsequent time. † Such persons were designated as Mischlinge of the first degree. Any person descended from one Jewish grandparent was designated as a Mischling of the second degree.Thus the non-Aryans were split into two groups, Jews and Mischlinge, with the latter exempt from the subsequent destruction process. However, the Mischling was excluded from the civil service and the Nazi Party, and was restricted to the rank of a common soldier in the army. Mischlinge also could not marry Germans without official consent. The definition of who was a Jew was determined after a prolonged debate between the antisemitic zealots in the Nazi Party, who saw the Mischling as a carrier of the â€Å"Jewish influence,† and the civil service, which wanted to protect â€Å"that part which is German.† (p. 47) The victory of those who would protect the part-Jew, however, was no solace for the Jewish community. After the promulgation of the Nuremberg Laws, Jews now found themselves not only socially ostracized but also denied access to German law and the courts for protection. Thinking that Hitler's animus toward Jews was directed at Jews from the East who were living in Germany, German Jews found that under the Nuremberg Laws, the Nazis would not distinguish among Jews in enforcing their racial policy.Kristallnacht marked a turning point for Germany's Jews and, by extension, for all Jews who would be victims of the Holocaust. These events witnessed the government's legitimizing violence and brutality against the Jews. The events leading to Kristallnacht, or Night of the Broken Glass, began on October 7, 1938, when the Nazis decreed t hat the letter â€Å"J† be stamped on all Jewish passports and identity papers. On the same day, the Polish government announced that their nationals living abroad would require the purchase of a stamp on their passports or lose their Polish nationality.Polish consulates had also been instructed not to renew the passports of Jews who had lived abroad for more than five years which left many Polish Jews stateless. The discrimination of Jews was paralleled by the German effort to exterminate the gypsies of Europe. As in the case of the Jews, Nazi ideology viewed the gypsies as subhuman because of their rootlessness. Gypsies, lacking a country of their own, were perceived as parasites living off the host nations that allowed them to reside within their borders.In both Germany and Austria, where gypsies were victims of severe discrimination, numerous regulations that limited their movement and rights were rigorously enforced. Although population data on the gypsies are difficult to assess, many scholars estimate that about 1. 5 million lived in Europe on the eve of World War II (Friedman, 1980). The Nazi persecution of the gypsies mirrored that of the Jews. In September 1933, gypsies were arrested throughout Germany in accordance with the Law against Habitual Criminals. The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 that defined the status of Jews in Germany also included regulations with regard to the gypsies.For example, marriages between gypsies and Germans were forbidden The Research Office for the Science of Inheritance, which in 1937 was renamed the Research Office for Race Hygiene and Population, declared that 90 percent of the approximately 28,000 German Rom (gypsies) were Mischlinge, and therefore non-Aryans. As part of the Nazi program to eliminate â€Å"lives undeserving of living,† gypsies were designated as asocials and a threat to public health. Viewed as parasites feeding off the body of the German people, most were sent to Dachau, where many underwent fo rced sterilization.Although the bulk of the gypsies in both Germany and Austria were considered non-Aryan, there was the matter of â€Å"pure† gypsies. In October 1942, Himmler issued a decree that distinguished between Mischling gypsies and those considered of pure blood, whereby the latter would be permitted a certain degree of freedom of movement. Ultimately Himmler's directive exempted some 13,000 Sinti and 1,017 Lalleri (the gypsies had divided into the two tribes centuries earlier) from the fate awaiting the great majority of the gypsies.On December 16, 1942, Himmler issued an order that in effect called for the Final Solution of the gypsy problem whereby they would be sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Exceptions were made for those â€Å"socially adapted† to German life, former Wehrmacht soldiers, and those necessary for wartime labor. However, in each of these categories, those who were exempted were to be sterilized. The Himmler order of December 16 was to seal the fate of Europe's gypsy population (Hancock, 1996). In comparing the fate of the gypsies with the Jews, the words of Yehuda Bauer shed light on the distinctions that the Nazis made between the two targeted peoples:â€Å"Gypsies were not Jews and therefore there was no need to kill all of them. Those Gypsies who were of â€Å"pure blood† or who were not considered dangerous on a racial level could continue to exist, under strict supervision. The Mischlinge were . . . doomed to death. The difference between the fate of the Gypsies and that of the Jews is clear. The Jews were slated for total annihilation, whereas, the Gypsies were sentenced to selective mass murder on a vast scale. † (Bauer, 1990, p. 638) References Bauer, Yehudo. (1990). Gypsies. In Gutman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Holocaust(Vol 2) (p. 638).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York: Macmillan. Burleigh, Michael and Wippermann,Wolfgang. (1991). The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945. New   Ã‚   York: Cambridge University Press, p. 42. Friedman, Philip. (1980). Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. Philadelphia: Jewish   Ã‚   Publication Society, p. 382. Hancock, Ian. (1996). Responses to the Romani Holocaust. In Alan S. Rosenbaum , ed., Is the    Holocaust Unique? (p. 44). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. Hilberg, Raul. (1961). The Destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, p. 48. Niewyk, Donald L. (1980). The Jews in Weimar Germany. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University   Ã‚   Press, p. 14. Miller, Richard Lawrence. (1995). Nazi Justiz: Law of the Holocaust. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, p.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   18.